The Constitution And The Bill Of Rights - 1767 Words

American Government Exam #1 Bill Cox The Constitution and the Bill of Rights Ratified in 1788 and 1791 respectively, the Constitution of the United States and the Accompanying Bill of Rights have set the stage for the political culture and society which has, and continues to exist in the United States of America. The system of laws, regulations, liberties, and rights created by these documents has set the stage for many of the dynamic qualities inherent in the American culture. Because of the dynamic and intentionally vague nature of the documents, championed by the Non-Originalist view interpretation of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights the American legal system possesses the ability to adapt and evolve along with the continuously evolving American society and culture. The United States Constitution and its accompanying Bill of Rights are intended to provide the legal framework for the structure of a central Federal Government, and the rights and protections afforded to citizens under the Federal Government and its subservient states. The U.S. Constitution arose out of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, a secretive convention held in Philadelphia Pennsylvania intended to establish minor structural changes to the standing Articles of Confederation. However the convention soon transitioned away from altering the Articles of Confederation to drafting an entirely new constitution. The Resulting document established a strong Central Federal Government presidingShow MoreRelatedThe Bill Of Rights And The Constitution1530 Words   |  7 PagesBefore dealing with individual amendments I would like to deal with the entire Bill of Rights and the constitution itself. The framers of the Constitution were wary of ceding too much power to the federal government. They rightly believed many local citizens would never make it to the capital but would interact with local government, so the power should be kept at the most local level possible. It was impossible to foresee in 1791 a world with video conferencing, 24-hr news an d the ability to flyRead MoreThe Constitution And Bill Of Rights877 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans,† (Ginsbery, 2015 29). The constitution and Bill of Rights American citizens of the 21st century have grown up with was not the original idea our founding father created. As the Constitution developed in the late 18th century, debated started to emerge questions about where power should be concentrated within the government. The Article of Confederation was in power before. The constitution and bill of rights one sees today is not the original constitution of America. After the RevolutionaryRead MoreThe Constitution And The Bill Of Rights1294 Words   |  6 PagesReasonably measure of individuals can contend that numerous dialects are talked in the Unified States, however English is without no question is the national dialect. Our establishing fathers fabricated this nation by composing the Constitution and the Bill of Rights in English. Be that as it may, I do trust that the instructive framework here in the Unified States needs to educate the understudies a moment dialect, particularly Spanish since it is the second most talked dialect. As per WikipediaRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights And The Amendment Of The Constitution962 Words   |  4 Pagesincluded the Bill of rights that provided us with Freedom (Schweikart, 2004). The bill of rights was established so each citizen is equally treated and allowed to share their idea and not be disgraced for it (Bodenhamer, 1993). The first ten amendments to the constitution of the United States established basic American civil liberties (Schweikart, 2004). The Bill of rights and the amendments of the constitution were written about the same time by the same people. The Bill of Rights and amendmentsRead MoreThe American Constitution And The Bill Of Rights1463 Words   |  6 Pagesrepercussions all through Europe and America. Addressing conventional teachings and qualities denoted the Enlightenment; there was a prominent propensity towards independence and accentuation on the thoughts of human advance. The American Constitution and the Bill of Rights are both results of the Enl ightenment and thoughts of the philosophes, specifically John Locke. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both English philosophers,influential thinkers of the seventeenth century, both had confidence in a SocialRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights Of The United States Constitution914 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a bill of rights? What is an amendment? How are the different? A bill of rights is a formality such as the Declaration of Independence and it is the outline of what the citizens feel their born rights are as people of a union. An amendment is the changing or altering of a legal or civil document. Specifically amendments in the United States Constitution include the changing or detailing of what the people need. These two phrases differ in what their purposes are. The bill of rights was setRead MoreBill Of Rights, The Center Of The American Constitution984 Words   |  4 Pages Bill of Rights Bill of rights, the center of the American constitution. The reason that why Bill of rights can be established is the anti federalist thought the constitution only stipulated that power from government, and the citizen can not get any power from it. In 1788, at the beginning of the United States, all the citizens want the freedom and democracy, then The â€Å"Bill of Rights† is here. The birth of the Bill of Rights, is the most basic principles of personalRead MoreEssay On The Us Constitution And The Bill Of Rights943 Words   |  4 PagesThe U.S Constitution and the Bill of Rights are iconic pieces of American History. These two documents are very important for every American to know and to read critically because it can highly affect them. However, there are many people in the country that do not know what is exactly in these documents. I have read through these pieces, and I will be discussing what I found to be most surprising to find in the piece. Also, the items that I expected to find in the documents that is not there. FirstlyRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights Of The United States Constitution Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bill of Rights contains the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These first ten amendments were ratified on December 15, 1791. The Bill of Rights define and interpret constitutional rights and protections that are guaranteed under the US Constitution. The following text is a transcription of the first ten amendments to the Constitution in their original form. â€Å"Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exerciseRead MoreRatifying the Constitution to the Bill of Rights Essay618 Words   |  3 PagesIn 1787, the Constitution was written and submitted for ratification by the 13 states, but not everyone agreed with it. There were two groups of though. One was the Anti-federalists, who opposed the Constitution and the other group were the Federalists, who supported it. The Anti-federalists were people who supported the Articles of Confederation because they were doing well under them. They were mostly poor people from rural areas and were supported by the big states. They believed that the Constitution

Biography of Jim Morrison - 618 Words

Jim Morrison remains one of the most popular and influential singers and writers in rock history; they became famous on the classic rock radio stations. To this day, he is widely regarded as the prototypical rock star: sexy, scandalous, and mysterious. Morrisons performances have influenced many, including Richard Ashcroft, Nick Cave, Patti Smith, Glenn Danzig, Ian Curtis, David Gahan, Henry Rollins, Ian Astbury, Perry Farrell, Scott Weiland, Trent Reznor, Eddie Vedder, Jude Rawlins, Ville Valo, Sully Erna, The Blood, Siouxsie Sioux, and Jeff Martin. There were many great rock and roll artists out their like Jimi Hendrix, Led Zeppelin, Janice Joplin, Keith Richards. But there was something different about Jim Morrison; his poetry was astonishing along with his music lyrics. Morrison was that guy that would push things to the limit, just to see what would happen. Some people saw their behavior as the defiant, even revolutionary acts of a brilliant artist. Other people saw them to be r ude, drunken and obnoxious behavior.â€Å"Ladies and Gentlemen; The Doors!!!!† Jim Morrison was born in Melbourne, Florida on December 8th 1943. His father George Stephen Morrison was in the United States Navy and his mother’s name was Clara Clark Morrison. They met in Hawaii in 1941. He had a sister named Anne Robin (born on 1947 in Albuquerque, New Mexico) and a brother named Andrew Lee (born in 1948 in Los Altos, California). His brother Andy said that their parents would never use abusiveShow MoreRelatedJim Morrison1446 Words   |  6 Pages2014 James Douglas Morrison The most legendary man to live mainly people know him as Jim Morrison or Lizard King, known for his unique music and writings. Considered as a sex icon in the 60’s due to his charismatic character and giving birth to rock in roll. James Douglas Morrison, an American Poet, filmmaker lead singer for The Doors, was influenced by philosophers and poet’s views on aesthetics and morality mainly portrayed in Fredriech Nietzsche’s work. Jim Morrison was born on DecemberRead More The Doors Biography Essays1025 Words   |  5 Pages The Doors Biography nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;From their beginnings during the summer of 1965 at Venice Beach, California, The Doors were a band of creative energy, with most of the focus on Jim Morrison. His looks and talents clearly tell why. Jim was well aware that the magic of The Doors could never have happened without the fortunate talents of John Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek and Jim Morrison. Robby Krieger, for example, wrote lyrics and music thatRead MorePsychedelic Rock : The Defining Music Genre Of The 1960 S1717 Words   |  7 Pagespsychedelic history, another group of excited students were ready to start their own band, albeit on the other side of the Atlantic. The Doors, one of the most influential and controversial rock bands of the 60s, were formed in 1965 by UCLA film students Jim Morrison, vocals, Ray Manzarek, keyboards, John Densmore, drums, and guitarist Robby Krieger. The group’s sound was dominated by Manzarek’s electric organ work and Morrison’s dee p, sonorous voice. The band released their first LP, The Doors, in 1967, featuringRead MorePhil Collen And The Left Of The Band Members Essay2049 Words   |  9 Pagesand depression, which led to his inevitable death on January 8th, 1990. An autopsy revealed the Clark died from an unintentional overdose of alcohol, Valium and Codeine. â€Å"He had been drinking and he cracked a rib earlier on,† Collen wrote in his biography Adrenalized. â€Å"The doctor told him not to drink while taking his pain medication. He drank anyway. The coroner’s report, I believe, read that it was due to a swelling of the brain. (Jon Wiederhorn Loudwire) Ultimately, Clark’s death was a tragic turnRead More Kurt Donald Cobain Essay examples1076 Words   |  5 PagesKurt Donald Cobain The subject of this writing, is on a man who changed music; a man on the level of Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison. This individual is Kurt Donald Cobain from the revolutionary grunge/rock band, Nirvana. While some people would never consider Cobain to hold a major role in the shaping of our music and culture today, they haven’t taken the time to look around. Many people overlook the fact that music played a huge role in the lives of Americans during the 90’sRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance1154 Words   |  5 Pagesculture, and revealed to the world what life was like as a black person in America. The Harlem Renaissance began with the Great Migration, when black men and women from the southern United States began moving to Northern cities. They were escaping Jim Crow laws and searching for better jobs (The Harlem Renaissance). Many people moved into Harlem, a neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City. It was relatively empty and apartments were cheap, though small. The sudden influx of African Americans, allRead MoreWilliam Blake was born in London on November 28, 1757 to James and Catherine Blake. His father,1600 Words   |  7 PagesAugustine and St. Thomas Aquinas in that the world is â€Å"the handiwork of God† (â€Å"Biography†). He also agreed with the views of Hegelianism as well as John Locke’s theory that the world is perceived through the senses (Clarke 1). Blake uses these philosophical ideas constantly in his poems, as well as his own view of Christianity. â€Å"The Book of Thel† and â€Å"The Marriage of Heaven and Hell† arenâ⠂¬â„¢t poems, just his philosophic ideas (â€Å"biography†). Blake drew his artistic inspiration from the classical molds of RaphaelRead MoreAnxiety And Other Mood Disorders1460 Words   |  6 Pagesdepression and other mood disorders (Verhaeghen, 2005, p.226). 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For example, in a study mentioned in â€Å"Why We Sing the Blues: The Relation Between Self-Reflective Rumination, Mood, and Creativity†, the following was reported: In his survey of the biographies of 1,004 eminent individuals living in the 20th century, Ludwig (1995) found a lifetime prevalence of depression of 50% for people working in the creative arts, compared with 20% of those in the field of enterprise, 24% of scientists, and 27% ofRead MoreFun with Literature10373 Words   |  42 Pagesresearch (both large small) projects that can be used to collaborate with other departments (such as physical education/health and history/social studies) †¢ Answer Key to handouts Thank you for your purchase! If you view Stephen King’s AE Biography, I have a Video Guide with Quiz: http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Stephen-King-BiographyVideo-Worksheet-Quiz More lessons can be found in my store: www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Tracee-Orman Quitters Inc. by Stephen King (published

Bowel cancer is the third most common cancer in the United Kingdom Free Essays

string(69) " and a high specificity \(to reduce the number of false positives\)\." Introduction Bowel cancer is the third most common cancer in the United Kingdom with approximately 35,000 new cases diagnosed each year. 1 in 16 men and 1 in 20 women will develop colorectal cancer at some point in their lives. It is also the second most common cause of cancer death, with just over 16,000 (approximately 9,000 men and 7,000 women) deaths per year (ONS, 2010) Incidence rates for colorectal cancer increased by 28 per cent for men and 11 per cent for women between 1971 and 2007. We will write a custom essay sample on Bowel cancer is the third most common cancer in the United Kingdom or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rates peaked at 57 per 100,000 in men in 1999 and 38 per 100,000 women in 1992. In the ten year period from 1998 to 2007, incidence rates for men and women have remained relatively stable (ONS 2010). Being overweight, having an inactive lifestyle and a low fibre diet can increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Eating red and processed meat, and insufficient amounts of fruit and vegetables, smoking and drinking excess alcohol are contributing factors. People with Crohn’s disease in the colon, ulcerative colitis, polyps in the colon or a family history of colorectal cancer may also be at an increased risk (Department of Health, 2000). More than four out of every five new cases of colorectal cancer are diagnosed in people aged 60 and over, with most cases presenting in the 70-79 age group in men and in the 75 and over age group in women (ONS, 2010). Survival from cancers of the colon and rectum has doubled in 30 years. For colon cancer, five-year survival was 50% for men and 51% for women diagnosed in 2001-2006 and followed up to 2007. Five-year survival for those diagnosed in 1971-1975 and followed up to 1995 was 22 per cent for men and 23 per cent for women (Rachet et al 2009). Differences in survival rates are based on how early, or at what ‘stage’, a patient presents for treatment. This ‘staging’ is a method (first developed in 1932) of evaluating the progress of the cancer in a patient. The classification considers the extent to which the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Once established, the best course of treatment is then decided. There are currently for categories: Dukes Stage A: The tumour penetrates into the mucosa of the bowel wall but no further Dukes Stage B: The tumour penetrates into, but not through the muscularis propria (the muscular layer) of the bowel wall. Dukes Stage C: The tumour penetrates into, but not through the muscularis propria of the bowel wall; there is pathologic evidence of colon cancer in the lymph nodes. C2: tumour penetrates into and through the muscularis propria of the bowel wall; there is pathologic evidence of colon cancer in the lymph nodes. Dukes Stage D: The tumour, which has spread beyond the confines of the lymph nodes (to organs such as the liver, lung or bone). Five year survival rates according to the Dukes’ stage of classification are: Dukes’ Stage A 85–95%, B 60–80%, C 30–60%, D less than 10%. These significant differences in survival rates were the basis for the introduction of a national screening programme for bowel cancer (Rachet et al 2009). The NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme in England began in July 2006, as part of the NHS National Cancer Plan (2000). Patients aged between 60-69 were initially offered screening every two years and people 70 and over could request it via their GP. The criteria has since changed (from January 2010) with screening now offered to those aged 70-75 years. The objective of bowel screening is to detect bowel cancer at an early stage and get these identified patients into an appropriate treatment pathway. The screening programme can also detect polyps, which, although are not cancers they may develop into cancers over time. They can easily be removed which reduces the risk of bowel cancer developing. This essay outlines the process of the UK bowel screening programme and from this provides a critical analysis of the test, performance and cost-effectiveness leading to a broader discussion considering whether to implement the screening programme in relation to UK NSC criteria. Description and critical analysis of the evidence about the test performance (15 marks) Screening is defined by Raffle Gray (2007) as; ‘The systematic application of a test, or inquiry, to identify individuals at sufficient risk of a specific disorder to warrant further investigation or direct preventive action, amongst persons who have not sought medical attention on account of symptoms of that disorder.’ There is a distinct difference between screening and case finding (e.g. NHS Health Check) – In clinical practice, patients approach healthcare professionals to ask for medical advice and help, in contrast with screening programmes, where professionals actively encourage people to undergo an investigation on the basis that it may benefit them. The performance of a screening programme is based on its ‘sensitivity’ and ‘specificity’. The sensitivity of a screening test is the percentage of the screened population that has the disease and tests positive. For instance, a sensitivity of 70% means that for every ten participants with the disease, seven will test positive and the other three will be false negatives. A test with poor sensitivity results in a high percentage of the population with the disease escaping detection. These people will be falsely reassured and could delay presenting important symptoms. The specificity of a test is the percentage of the screened population that is disease free and also tests negative. For instance, a specificity of 80% means that eight out of ten people who do not have the disease will have a negative result. Two out of ten will have a false positive result and require further assessment before the possibility of disease can be eliminated. A test with poor specificity will have an important effect for the individual, including increased anxiety and unnecessary clinical follow up. The ideal screening test would have a high sensitivity (to reduce the number of false negatives) and a high specificity (to reduce the number of false positives). You read "Bowel cancer is the third most common cancer in the United Kingdom" in category "Essay examples" It is usually difficult to achieve this as there is a trade off between the two measures; limiting the criteria for one results in a decrease in the other. Another key feature of a screening test is the predictive value for which there are two key aspects. The positive predictive value (PPV) of a test is the percentage of people who test positive who have the disease. The negative predictive value is the percentage of those who test negative who are disease free. The predictive value is influenced by both the sensitivity and specificity of the test, as well as the prevalence of the condition being screened for. In the UK the screening test used for the bowel screening programme is the ’faecal occult blood test’ (FOBT). In terms of operational delivery there are approximately 20 Hubs across the country responsible for coordinating the screening programme, each Hub sends out letters of invitation to the eligible population, explaining about bowel cancer screening.Standard practice ensures that within a week of receiving a letter a FOBT kit will be sent to patients. The kits are used by the patient, samples taken and returned to the Hub, who then send normal results to individuals, and inform GPs via a standards letter. For positive tests, the Hub contacts the individual directly, and an appointment is them made for the patient to have further investigations (colonoscopy) with the commissioned provider of colonoscopy services. The test and the framework for its operational delivery are based on a number of large scale trials which were undertaken to assess whether FOB testing of asymptomatic people could be useful in detecting individuals with early bowel cancer the largest trial conducted in Nottingham. The trials and the subsequent UK pilots (2008) found: uptake of approximately 60%, subsequent pilots returned a lower uptake which decreased with deprivation sensitivity was approximately 60% for cancer and 80% for adenomas biannual testing was as effective as annual testing screening of asymptomatic 55-75-year-olds reduced mortality from bowel cancer by 16% overall, or by 25% in those 60% of individuals who return an FOBT there was no reduction in all-cause mortality from FOB screening. These results meant that FOBT can detect 60% of all colon cancers. Alternatively, this also means that 40% are not routinely detected. This lower sensitivity rate is a trade off based on the fact that FOBT screening is non-invasive, easily performed without the need for bowel preparation, and can be performed on transported specimens and of low cost. A higher sensitivity rate could be achieved through once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer but uptake, patient acceptability and cost would be a barrier to population roll-out. Description and critical analysis of the evidence about the cost-effectiveness (15 marks) There are a number of research publications that compare specific models of bowel screening through the application of different these will be described, but from a public health perspective, this essay will also consider the wider opportunity cost in relation to bowel screening. Agreement relating to how cost-effective an intervention is depends on what the intervention is being compared against. For instance, a starting point in the evaluation of the UK pilot for Bowel Screening Cost-effectiveness (2003) states ‘Analysis found that the cost-effectiveness of a national programme compared well with other forms of cancer screening such as breast and cervical cancer screening.’ This statement is all about comparison with associated interventions that are deemed reasonable and safe with a generally fair return on investment – this is more about acceptable levels of investment producing acceptable levels of return compared to similar interventions of the same type rather than considering whether the programme can be delivered more efficiently or could the resource be allocated in a different way to achieve the desired results. The issue of whether the programme could be delivered more cost effectively has been reviewed in a number of publications (Allison et al. 2006. Rozen et al. 2000. Levin et al 1997). These comparisons have, in particular, considered the merits of; FOBT alone, flexible sigmoidoscopy and FOBT combined, and one-off colonoscopy with cost-effectiveness more often defined as the cost per cancer death prevented. Of all the screening tests, FOBT alone prevents fewer cancer deaths than the other interventions, but the addition of a flexible sigmoidoscopy to the FOBT increases the rate of cancer prevention. One-off colonoscopy has the greatest impact on colorectal cancer mortality. Although purported to be the most cost effective the outcomes are all based on clinical outcome alone but when considering cost FOBT returns better broader population results (in terms of patient acceptability and absolute cost to deliver) than any other of the interventions outlined. One of the most popular measures of cost effectiveness is considered through estimating the lifetime NHS costs and potential health benefits (defined as cost per QALY – quality-adjusted life-years). For bowel screening this equates to comparing the population not offered screening but treated according to current practice compared with a sample of the population who are offered screening as per the protocol used in the pilot study. The cost per QALY is the additional costs of screening, after allowing for treatment cost savings, and the gain in survival and quality of life. The problem with QALYs has always been the question of what is the upper limit on what society is prepared to pay for health gains.The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) provides some limited information about upper limits in this context. It has been suggested that ?30,000 per QALY might represent an acceptable threshold (NICE, 2008). Studies (Young et al, 2005. Lieberman, 2005. Khandker RZ, 2000) have returned a cost per QALY for bowel screening of between ?2,000 to ?3,000 which is well within the acceptable cost guidance offered through NICE but this does not mean that it is the more cost effective or efficient way of delivering the service. Raffle Gray (2007) touch on the issue of broader public health view and the influence of single issue groups, they outlined that; ‘If information for policy making is to serve the health needs of the public to best effect, then it must enable policy makers to keep a sense of perspective and context. Doing this requires policy questions that are concerned with whole programmes of care, not just the single issue being considered.’ If we consider this in the context of a UK bowel screening programme costing ?50 million per year can we justify its delivery on the associated reduction in mortality of up to 16%On face value, it seems we can (e.g. economic analysis and QALY returns etc) – but that is assuming 60% uptake. PCTs in the West Midlands are currently delivering the programme at between 28% and 42% uptake. As public health policy makers at what point do we consider the low uptake at sustained high cost as a reasonable return on investment There may be a greater return on investment if the ?50 million was invested in broader public health programmes targeted at reducing the population risks by changing behaviour (e.g. smoking cessation, diet, exercise). Taking this even further, could we reinvest the total ?50 million in another, unrelated, public health issue such as falls prevention programmes and tackle the risk factors associated with bowel cancer through legislation and regulation (e.g. increased taxation of tobacco or introducing a more challenging approach to price per unit for alcohol) In the long term, this may have more effect on a population effect on bowel cancer mortality at a lower cost. Description and analysis of the ethical issues associated with implementing this screening programme including accessibility, equity, the balance of harm and good and informed choice (15 marks) The benefits of bowel screening include a modest reduction in colorectal cancer mortality and a possible reduction in cancer incidence through the detection and removal of colorectal adenomas. These benefits need to balanced against the potential harm of the programme. One of these identified harms is the psycho-social consequences of receiving a false-positive result or a false-negative result, the possibility of over diagnosis (leading to unnecessary investigations or treatment) and the complications associated with treatment. Another key possible harm relates to the possibility of bowel perforation for those patients who have with a positive FOBT and require further investigation. The UK National Bowel Cancer Screening evaluation (2003) suggested a perforation rate of 1 in 1500 colonoscopies. This compares well with other bowel screening programmes in Australia and France which have returned a rate of 0.96 per 1000 procedures . Following a diagnosis of perforation, most patients (over 90%) require surgery, and a significant number (30%) require colostomy or ileostomy. From a health inequalities viewpoint there are a number of issues relating to accessibility and equity that are cause for concern. The first of these is the issues of uptake in the context of deprivation. Data for 2004-2008 shows us that there is a 11% of higher incidence rate of colon cancer for males in the most deprived population compared with the least deprived population (ONS 2008). This can be compared with uptake of screening which has demonstrated that males and younger age groups have lower uptake rates (Weller et al, 2007). In the long term this pattern has the potential to further increase inequalities in health. There is also strong evidence that suggests certain ethnic sub-groups have lower participation rates of bowel screening than the general population (Robb et al, 2008; Szczepura et al, 2008). The reasons for these differences are complex ranging from health beliefs, misunderstanding and cultural attitudes. This defined lack of uptake by ethnic group is not evident in all screening programmes, for example, South Asian women are significantly less likely to undertake bowel screening compared to breast screening (29% compared to 49%) (Price et al. 2010). This suggests more research needs to be undertaken to try and understand the key factors involved. Literacy can also be linked to deprivation and ethnicity and is a critical factor in participation in colorectal cancer screening. As with many screening programmes a great deal of resource has been allocated to producing information and materials for the bowel cancer screening programmes – but we know that health literacy varies a great deal in the population (Von Wagner et al, 2009), and many patients will have limited comprehension of the material provided. Equity of access to diagnostic services is also a possible issue to manage. For two of the hospitals participating in the UK bowel screening pilot, there were significant differences between waiting times for colonoscopy for screened and symptomatic patients. For example, in Scotland the average waiting times for pilot patients was between 2 and 7 weeks, whereas for symptomatic patients they rose from around 10 weeks to between 16 and 20 weeks within the first year of the Pilot (Scottish Executive Health department 2006). Description of how to implement programme quality assurance and an assessment of the practical issues with implementation (15 marks) There are a number of frameworks for assessing and assuring the quality of healthcare service. Examples include Deming’s 14 principles of management and Donabedian’s seven components of quality. Raffle and Gray build in these two models and advocate six key points in applying quality assurance to screening. These are; Defining the objectives of the programme in a way that encapsulates what a ‘good’ screening programme will look like. Devise ways of measuring quality that will ensure these objectives are met. Set standards for each measurement; this is a subjectively chosen level that you will want the programme to achieve. Give responsibility to the local programmes for monitoring, how well they are doing in meeting the standards, and for working to improve quality in meeting those standards. Collate information about performance against standards and publications nationally for all the local programmes Provide support mechanisms for overseeing quality and for assisting local programmes with training and quality improvement. One way of doing this is by creating regional quality assurance teams. From personal experience, working with breast screening a cervical screening programmes, the need for clear standards and an overarching review process (the support mechanism) is essential. A ‘deep dive’ approach to some of the key performance indicators is also very useful. For example, if the target for local uptake is 60% a PCT, with the help of public health team, should approach this in terms of ensuring this uptake is achieved within the hardest to reach populations. In terms of the practical issues of implementation issues such as ease of completing the kit can be an important factor in determining uptake (The UK CRC Screening Pilot Evaluation Team, 2003). Uptake can also be greatly affected by simple mistakes in postal address –so intended recipients do not receive the testing kit. This is one of the biggest factors associated with the uptake of an Australian trail where 20% of respondents in an Australian study claimed that they had not completed a FOB test because it had never been received in the post (Worthley at el., 2006). The Australian study also identified a preference by patients for increased GP involvement or promotion in the bowel cancer screening procedure (Salkeld et al., 2003; Worthley et al., 2006). Many patient may prefer to have been offered screening through their GP, while almost half of those patients suggesting an alternative method of invitation wanted greater GP involvement (Worthley et al., 2006). Similar evidence findings have emerged in the US, where a physician’s recommendation has been cited as the ‘strongest predictor’ of compliance with screening among men and women (Rabeneck, p. 1736, 2007). Overall discussion and conclusions about whether to implement the screening programme in light of the considerations already discussed and the UK NSC criteria (20 marks) Evidence suggests there is a reduction in colorectal cancer mortality as a result of introducing the UK bowel screening programme. Following the national evaluation, it is also indicated that there was a beneficial shift towards identifying colorectal cancer at an earlier stage (e.g. Duke’s Stage A). Other benefits of screening that were not explored in this essay include the reduction in colorectal cancer incidence through detection and removal of colorectal adenomas, and potentially, less invasive treatment of identified early-stage colorectal cancers. These outcomes alone may be justification enough to continue to implement the programme in the UK. Several important additional areas require further research when deciding whether to continue with the programme or not. First, there is limited information currently available concerning the information needs and psychosocial consequences of screening for colorectal cancer. Secondly, there is limited research on patient acceptance of colorectal cancer screening or on how best to involve particular socio-economic or ethnic groups who, as outlined previously, are often under-represented in uptake. Thirdly, the accuracy of other methods of the faecal occult blood test (e.g. RHNA) for colorectal cancer screening also requires further investigation. Maybe conclusions could be drawn through assessing the programme against the The UK NSC criteria which are considered below. NSC criteria states that all the cost-effective primary prevention interventions should have been implemented as far as practicable before consideration is given to proceed with the screening programme. This has not been the case in the UK. As outlined in this essay, greater effort could have been made to tackle the population risk factors before decision on implementing a ?50 million programme. The screening programme could also be seen to negate the need for individuals to take responsibility for lifestyle behaviour and the risks associated with colorectal cancer. In terms of ‘The test’, it is simple, safe, precise and validated as per NSC guidance, and is generally acceptable in the population. Although, the essay has outlined the differences in uptake by socio-economic group and ethnicity. When considering ‘The Treatment’, there are effective treatments for patients identified through early detection, and this evidence has shown to lead to better outcomes than late treatment. The Screening Programme is based on good evidence from high quality Randomised Controlled Trials that the screening programme is effective in reducing mortality or morbidity and there is evidence that it is clinically, socially and ethically acceptable to health professionals and the public. The benefits from the screening programme also outweigh the physical and psychological harm (caused by the test, diagnostic procedures and treatment). The opportunity cost of the screening programme resource has been touched upon in this essay. The view is that all other options for managing the condition have not been fully considered, particularly primary prevention. Overall, the national bowel screening programme does provide a population drop in mortality. The programme follows NSC guidance which is a benchmark for acceptability and although this essay supports the programme there still needs to be some further research undertaken in relation to uptake for specific population groups and the opportunity cost of the investment. References Allison, J., M. Tekawa, et al. (1996). â€Å"A comparison of faecal occult-blood test for colorectal cancer screening.† NEJM 334: 155-9. Donabedian, A. (1990), â€Å"The seven pillars of quality’’, Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vol. 114, pp. 1115-18. Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MHE, Moss SM, Amar SS, Balfour TW et al. Randomised controlled trial of faecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet 1996, 348; 1472-1477 Hoff G, Bretthauer M (2008) Appointments timed in proximity to annual milestones and compliance with screening: randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 337: 2794 Khandker RZ, Dulski JD, Kilpatrick JB, Ellis RP, Mitchell JB, Baine WB: A decision model and cost-effectiveness analysis of colorectal cancer screening and surveillance guildelines for average-risk adults. Int J Tech Assess in Health Care 2000, 16;3:799-810. Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, Jorgensen OD, Sondergaard O. Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal occult blood test. Lancet 1996; 348; 1467-1471 Levin, B., K. Hess, et al. (1997). â€Å"Screening for colorectal cancer: a comparison of 3 faecal occult blood tests.† Archives of Internal Medicine 157(9): 970-7. Lieberman DA: Cost-effectiveness model for colon cancer screening. Gastroenterology 1995, 109:1781-90. Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church JR, Snover DC, Bradley GM, Schuman LM et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for faecal occult blood. N Engl J Med 1993; 328; 1365-1371 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2007/042a updated. NICE responds to judicial review outcome. NCIN, Cancer Incidence by Deprivation England, 1995-2004. 2008. NHS MEL(1998)62. Screening for Colorectal Cancer Office for National Statistics. 2010. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/sdataset.asp?9091 Price et al. 2010) BMC Health Services Research 2010, 10:103 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/10/103 Rachet, B., et al., Population-based cancer survival trends in England and Wales up to 2007:an assessment of the NHS cancer plan for England The Lancet Oncology (2009). Raffle A, Gray M. Screening; Evidence and Practice, Oxford University Press, 2007. Rozen, P., J. Knaani, et al. (2000). â€Å"Comparative screening with a sensitive guaiac and specific immunochemical occult blood test in an endoscopic study.† Cancer 89: 45-52. Robb KA, Power E, Atkin W, Wardle J (2008) Ethnic differences in participation in flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in the UK. J Med Screen 15: 130–136 Salkeld, G., Solomon, M., Short, L., Ward, J. (2003). Measuring the impact of attributes that influence consumer attitudes to colorectal cancer screening. ANZ Journal of Surgery, 73, 128–132. Szczepura A, Price C, Gumber A (2008) Breast and bowel cancer screening uptake patterns over 15 years for UK south Asian ethnic minority populations, corrected for differences in socio-demographic characteristics. BMC Public Health 8: 346 The NHS Cancer Plan Department of Health, 2000. Towler BP, Irwig L, Glasziou P, Weller D, Kewenter J. Screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, Hemoccult (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Chichester, UK: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Issue 3, 2004. Scottish Executive Health Department (2006). Cancer Scenarios: An aid to planning cancer services in Scotland in the next decade. Edinburgh: The Scottish Executive. Steele RJC, Gnauck R, Hrcka R, Kronborg O, Kuntz C, Moayyedi P, et al (2004) Methods and economic considerations, Report from the ESGE/UEGF workshop on colorectal cancer screening. Endoscopy; 36, 349-53. Steele RJC, McClements PL, Libby G et al. (2008) Results from the first three rounds of the Scottish demonstration pilot of FOBT screening for colorectal cancer. Gut 2009 58: 530-535 originally published online November 26, 2008 doi: 10.1136/gut.2008.162883 Tengs TO, Adams ME, Pliskin JS, Safran DG, Siegel JE, Weinstein MC et al (1995) Five hundred life-saving interventions and their cost-effectiveness. Risk Analysis; 15, 369-90. UK CRC Screening Pilot Evaluation Team (2003) Evaluation of UK Colorectal Cancer Screening Pilot – Final Report UK Colorectal Cancer Screening Pilot Group (2004) Results of the first cycle of a demonstration pilot of screening for colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom. British Medical Journal, doi:10.1136/bmj.38153.491887.7C ( published 5 July 2004) Von Wagner C, Semmler C, Good A, Wardle J (2009b) Health literacy and self-efficacy for participating in colorectal cancer screening: the role of information processing. Patient Education. 75: 352–357 Weller D, Coleman D, Robertson R, Butler P, Melia J, Campbell C, Parker R, Patnick J, Moss S (2007) The UK bowel cancer screening pilot: results of the second round of screening in England. Br J Cancer 97: 1601–1605 Weller, D., Alexander, F., Orbell, S. et al. (2003) Evaluation of the UK colorectal cancer screening pilot: final report. NHS Cancer Screening Programmes Worthley, D., Cole, S., Esterman, A., Mehaffey, S., Roosa, N., Smith, A., et al. (2006). Screening for colorectal cancer by faecal occult blood test: Why people choose to refuse. Internal Medicine Journal, 36, 607–610. Young GP, St John JB, Winawer SJ, Rozen P. Choice of Faecal Occult Blood Tests for Colorectal cancer Screening: Recommendations Based on Performance Characteristics in population Studies. A WHO (World Health Organisation) and OMED (World Organisation for Digestive Endoscopy) Report. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 2002:97(10) 2499-2507. How to cite Bowel cancer is the third most common cancer in the United Kingdom, Essay examples

FreeRTOS and Implementation of Context Switch

Question: Write a report on the FreeRTOS and how the context switch isimplemented. Answer: Introduction FreeRTOS is a real time operating system for the embedded devices. It is designed to be small as well as simple. It provides methods for various threads, tasks as well as software timers. FreeRTOS is the market leading real time operating system as well as a standard solution for both microcontrollers as well as small microprocessors (Chen and Wang 2015). It is most trusted real time operating system as it is professionally developed, robust, free to use for the commercial products, quality controlled, supported. Without the requirement it can exposed to the source code as well as it has no IP infringement risks. The report is based on the concept of FreeRTOS with reflection on the context switch that is being implemented. It also reflects on the real time kernel context switching source code commencing the bottom up. As FreeRTOS is a real time kernel, therefore it is ported to number of variety of architectures of the microcontroller. The report discusses about the implementation of the context switch between two of the tasks. Implementation of context switch FreeRTOS abstracts the details of peripheral interface such as implementation of the interrupt service routines that are required. Various data transfer modes are catered using various techniques to read as well as write the data makes the FreeRTOS applicable to wide range of applications (Strnadel and Rajnoha 2012). The task within the context switch is a sequential piece of code that it does not recognize if it is going to suspend such as swap out or switch out and resume such as swap in or switch in by the kernel. As the task is executed, it utilizes the processor as well as microcontroller registers with accessing the RAM as well as ROM to another program. The resources such as processor, stack as well as registers comprise the execution of task context. When the task is suspended before execution of the instruction, then it sums up the value that contains in two processor registers. When the task is balanced as well as other tasks are executed, then it may modify the processor r egister values (Cheng, Woodcock and DSouza 2014). Upon resumption of the task, it will not distinguish if the processor registers, then it modifies if it used the customized values the outline results into incorrect value. In order to prevent the error within the task, it is required that the resumption of the task has some context identical prior to the suspension (Stangaciu, Micea and Cretu 2015). The operating system kernel is used to make sure that it does by saving the context of the task as the task is suspended. When the task is resumed, then it saves the context that is restored by the operating system kernel prior to the execution. Th process to save the task context being suspended as well as restored the task context being resumed is defined as the context switching. In order to switch two established context, it is required to save all the registers on current and switch slacks. It restores all the registers of the new stack (Ferreira et al. 2014). This operation is called as thread_switch. The following are the implementation steps that are followed: Pushing all the callee-save registers onto the current stack. Saving the current stack pointer (%rsp) into the old thread control block. Loading of the stack pointer from new thread control block into %rsp. Pop all the callee-save registers from the new stack. Then Return. The FreeRTOS real time kernel events the time using the tick count variable. The timer interrupt increases the tick count with strictly temporal accuracy (Simonovic and Saranovac 2013). It allows the real time kernel in order to calculate time to resolution of selected timer interrupt frequency. A the time the tick count is incremented, the real time kernel ensures to observe if it is the time to unlock the tasks (Mistry, Naylor and Woodcock 2013). If it is probable that the task is unblocked throughout the tick ISR, then it has the priority higher than that to interrupt the tasks. In the case when the tick ISR returns, then it unblocks the tasks while interrupting one task but recurring to another (Freertos.org 2015). The context switch occurs in such a way that it is called Preemptive as the interrupted task preempts with no delaying itself. The context switching refers to the control of the flow jump, which occurs when one of the threads gives up the central processing unit as well as another thread that takes over (Okas, Krzak and Worek 2015). Like a function of call, the context switching involves with a push values onto the system stack. It also manipulates the registers of the CPU. Apart from this, unlike a call function, the context switches explicit entry as well as exit points. The context switching can happen at any time without any of the warning (Guan et al. 2016). If both the stack as well as the set of the registers represent as the user need to know about the flow of control, then the result is that the entire context must be saved before it is switched to another one. Context switches between two of the tasks The following are the steps to implement the FreeRTOS context switch implementation between two tasks as follows: It is assumed that the task A is running currently. Figure 1: Context of the Task A that is running (Source: Mistry, Naylor and Woodcock 2013, pp-1132) The RTOS tick occurs which also generates hardware interrupt. The hardware interrupt saves the register of the program counter automatically which points to the next instruction of the task A within the program stick of Task A. Figure 2: Program counter saved by the hardware within the slack of Task A at the time of interruption (Source: Mistry, Naylor and Woodcock 2013, pp-1132) The next step is that it has to imagine that the timer code saves the context that is beig executed. The stack pointer of the task A is stored by Kernel. Figure 3: Context of the task A that is saved within the program stack of the task A (Source: Mistry, Naylor and Woodcock 2013, pp-1133) The stored stack pointer of the task B is to be copied onto the stack pointer register of the Multi-point Control Unit (MCU). Figure 4: MCU stack pointer that points to top of the context of task B (Source: Mistry, Naylor and Woodcock 2013, pp-1134) It has imagined that the timer code restores the context of the task B that is already being executed. Figure 5: Context of the task B that is restored (Source: Mistry, Naylor and Woodcock 2013, pp-1135) The program counter register restores by the hardware automatically and then the task B s being resumed for executing. Figure 6: Execution of the task B (Source: Mistry, Naylor and Woodcock 2013, pp-1135) Conclusion It is concluded that the FreeRTOS is a real time operating system that leads in the marketplace due to some of its functions, as it is a standard solution for both microcontrollers as well as small microprocessors. The main functions of the FreeRTOS are that it is developed professionally, and use for the commercial products. It has good quality controlled, supported. Without the requirement it can exposed to the source code as well as it has no IP infringement risks. FreeRTOS also measures the time using the tick count variable. The interruption of the timer increases the tick count with accuracy of the time. References Chen, W. and Wang, J., 2015. Design of RFID Card Reading System Based on LWIP and FreeRTOS.AMM, 734, pp.916-920. Cheng, S., Woodcock, J. and DSouza, D., 2014. Using formal reasoning on a model of tasks for FreeRTOS.Formal Aspects of Computing, 27(1), pp.167-192. Ferreira, J., Gherghina, C., He, G., Qin, S. and Chin, W., 2014. Automated verification of the FreeRTOS scheduler in Hip/Sleek.International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer, 16(4), pp.381-397. Guan, F., Peng, L., Perneel, L. and Timmerman, M., 2016. Open source FreeRTOS as a case study in real-time operating system evolution.Journal of Systems and Software, 118, pp.19-35. Mistry, J., Naylor, M. and Woodcock, J. (2013). Adapting FreeRTOS for multicores: an experience report.Softw. Pract. Exper., 44(9), pp.1129-1154. Okas, P., Krzak, Ã…Â . and Worek, C., 2015. C++14 concurrency on ARM Cortex-M using FreeRTOS and GCC.IFAC-PapersOnLine, 48(4), pp.262-267. Simonovic, M. and Saranovac, L., 2013. Power management implementation in FreeRTOS on LM3S3748.Serb J Electr Eng, 10(1), pp.199-208. Stangaciu, C., Micea, M. and Cretu, V., 2015. An Analysis of a Hard Real-Time Execution Environment Extension for FreeRTOS.Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 15(3), pp.79-86. Strnadel, J. and Rajnoha, P., 2012. Reflecting RTOS Model During WCET Timing Analysis: MSP430/Freertos Case Study.Acta Electrotechnica et Informatica, 12(4).

Rose and Graff free essay sample

Gerald Graff, on the other hand, feels that the problem moms from the lack of communication between professors, and that many of the times the students are taught the same concepts but through opposite understandings and in a bias fashion. Mike Rose met many struggling students at UCLAs Tutorial Center, the Writing Research Project, and the Summer program. He first describes the loneliness students feel upon arriving at college, and that as they try to find themselves, they all to often lose themselves because they are bombarded with ideas that are so foreign to them.He introduces his audiences to Andrea, a bright nouns girl out of high school who, despite hours of memorizing in her textbook, could not obtain a passing grade on her Chemistry mid-term. How is this possible if she spent so much time studding? Rose explains that she failed because in college, and in this course in particular, it is not enough for a student to know the material, but rather, to be able to apply it in a va rious amount of problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Rose and Graff or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yet the problem Andrea faces is that she was never taught this in high school. Rose writes of other students he tried to help as they sat in front of him with eyes that were both sad and confused.From young, socks, to a twenty-eight year old mother, and an insecure girl that was so afraid to use her own ideas, she turns to plagiarism. Rose explains this situation in great detail, #822D;Students were coming to college with limited exposure to certain kinds of writing and reading and with conceptions and beliefs that were dissonant with those in the lower-division curriculum they Rose places great blame on the professors who assume that these students are culturally prepared to address, and analyze, ideas and concepts that they have never even heard of before.Students, ho come from different cultures and backgrounds, are not prepared (especially on their own) to give up everything that have spent the past eight- teen years believing in, in order to write the prefect college essay. Rose calls upon the professors of these new students to stop simply criticizing th ese students work, and instead, help them through analyzing their paper and (even if by step by step guidance) explain the concept of which is being discussed. Error marks the place where education begins . #8221; Gerald Graff, author of Other Voices, Other Rooms, also lames the professors. However, unlike Rose, he does not mention the personal identities of the students and the struggles they experience as the try to embrace this new life style. Instead, he feels that the problem is due solely to the lack of communication between the professors, and therefore creates a much larger problem: cognitive ; Because the professors do not consult each other, students may spend one class period learning the evils of communism, while in their very next class the professor phrases it.The students, Graff writes, therefore care more bout appeasing the professor, changing their opinion depending on that certain professors beliefs, in order to obtain one thing, good grades. Yet, since these students care more about their grades and future careers, they lose the essence of the concepts and convictions which are being presented before them. Most of the time, the students cannot even see this. #8220;What is learned seems so specific to a particular course that it is difficult for stude nts to see its application beyond. In another instance, in two separate courses the same ideas may be discussed, yet cause professors use different terminology, the students do not connect that the ideas they are learning in these two separate classrooms are actually one in the same. The students, for the most part, focus on the individual professor than the greater picture Of the actual course.After the final exam of a course, the students immediately try to clear their mind in order to prepare for the philosophy of the next professor, than preparing to embrace the actually philosophy which is to be discussed. This is the tragedy that Graff discuss#821 7; in his essay. In order to clarify his vision of incorrect schooling, he uses the analogy of teaching a student the game of baseball, in the same approach that they are taught different concepts. S as if you were trying to learn the game of baseball by being shown a series of rooms in which you see each component of the game separately: pitchers going through their windups in one room; hitters swinging their bats in the next; then infielders, outfielders, umpires, fans, field announcers, ticket scalpers, broadcasters, hot dog vendors, and so He goes on to explain that since the students view the concept of base ball in such a manner, one will never be able to achieve an accurate understanding of the game and how it is actually played.Mike Rose and Gerald Graff both feel that the concepts of the academics are presenting incorrectly to most college students. Rose feels that the only students who are prepared for the intense assumptions placed upon them by professors are those few students who come from elite and intense lower level schooling. However, because of and priorities, the public education can in no way prepare all students for what is expected of them in college.

Learn Proper French Pronunciation With Liaisons

Learn Proper French Pronunciation With Liaisons Part of the reason that French pronunciation and aural comprehension are so difficult is due to liaisons. A  liaison  is a phenomenon whereby a normally  silent consonant  at the end of a word is pronounced at the beginning of the word that follows it. Examples of Liaisons The sound files below show words such as  vous  (you), which have a silent s at the end, unless they are paired with a word like  avez  (have). When this occurs, the s is pronounced at the beginning of the following word, creating a liaison in French. In each instance, the words on the left contain a silent letter at the end; the words on the right show how the usually silent letter at the end of the word is pronounced at the beginning of the following word, creating a liaison. The word or words are followed by a transliteration to help you pronounce the terms and phrases as you hear them. French Word With a Final Silent Consonant Liaison vous [vu] vous avez [vu za vay] ont [o(n)] ont-ils [o(n) teel] un [uh(n)] un homme [uh(n) nuhm] les [lay] les amis [lay za mee] Pronunciation Key Use this pronunciation key as a guide to help you get the most out of the previous sound files. a   fathere   bedee   meetu   fool(n)   nasal n In addition, consonants in  liaisons  sometimes change the pronunciation. For example, an s is pronounced like a z when it is used in a liaison. Liaison Rules The basic requirement of a  liaison  is a word that ends in a normally silent consonant followed by a word that begins with a vowel or  mute h. This does not mean, however, that all possible liaisons are necessarily pronounced. In fact, the pronunciation (or not) of liaisons is subject to very specific rules, and liaisons are divided into three categories: Required liaisons (Liaisons obligatoires)Forbidden liaisons (Liaisons interdites)Optional liaisons (Liaisons facultatives) If you are a beginner, study just the required  liaisons  and forbidden liaisons, as these are the essential. If youre more advanced, study all three sections. It may be boring, but your pronunciation and ability to communicate at different levels of formality will improve dramatically. Liaison vs.  Enchantment There is a related phenomenon in French called  enchaà ®nement  (linking). The difference between enchaà ®nement and  liaisons  is this:  Liaisons  occur when the final consonant is normally silent but is pronounced due to the vowel that follows it (vous  vs.  vous avez), whereas  enchaà ®nement  occurs when the final consonant is pronounced whether or not a vowel follows it, such as  pour  vs.  pour elle, which translates as for vs. for her. Note that  enchaà ®nement  is simply a phonetic issue, while the pronunciation of  liaisons  is based on linguistic and stylistic factors. Additionally, scan the pronunciation chart below to see how various letters are generally pronounced in French liaisons. Letter Sound D [t] F [v] G [g] N [n] P [p] R [r] S [z] T [t] X [z] Z [z]

Amish and Modern American Society

Module B: Close Study of Text Text: Witness ‘Witness’, an American film, directed by Australian director Peter Weir, is a film set in 1985 about a clash of modern American society, and an idyllic Amish community. Maeri Saeli describes it as â€Å"the two worlds meet, but never merge† This is shown in the interaction between ideas, characters and techniques that make an impact on the audience. The main ideas represented in this text are Violence versus non-violence/ pacifism versus direct action, relationships, and the clash of cultures. Through exploring these ideas characterisation becomes evident and many techniques are used such as film techniques, symbolism and these can be recognised by analysing scenes. Violence versus non-violence is represented through the clashing of the two cultures and the differences of their cultural values and ideals. The modern American society, where Book is originally situated is evidently a society that uses much violence to achieve things whenever necessary. This type of society is visually implied by Peter Weir as being corrupted, seedy and violent in nature which is shown through darkness, and filming is often conducted under the cover of night, in crowded and cramped spaces, and by using artificial lighting. For example the scene conducted at the Happy Valley night club shows this type of violent and depressive society. Book grabs a suspect from inside the cramped and sordid bar, takes him outside into the night and slams his face into the car window, for Samuel to identify, where we see the shocked faces of Samuel and Rachel who wait inside a light blue car which represents their purity and innocence during this situation and this contrasts with the dark, violent and ‘foreign’ society that surrounds them. As this light coloured car is owned by Book, it is also suggestive that although he uses violence, Book is a good and moral man at heart which is revealed throughout the film. Thus these examples show that this modern American society is one where you cannot ‘judge a book by its cover’ and they allows the audience to observe the individualistic and greedy views of the modern American society. However, this American society is constantly juxtaposed by the peaceful, harmonic nature of the Amish, which seem to have a connection with their land and they possess much morality. They are a completely pacifist society, which means that they do not believe in resorting to violence under any circumstances. Their society is represented by light (natural lighting/daylight), pastel colour schemes, long shots of the sky, barns and open fields, particularly in the opening scenes, and they are shown as a community whereas those in the modern American society are represented as individualistic. Throughout the film, Book develops as a character and learns that violence does not necessarily have to be resorted to under every circumstance. This is specifically shown in the ‘showdown’ scene, when Book is able to disarm Schaeffer by persuasion rather than by violent means, and the Amish community all gather around to bear witness and thus act as an aid in persuading Schaeffer to give in. Witnessing is a reoccurring motif throughout the film and it is reinforced as a basis of the film through the title, as well as the audience who witness the narrative of the film unfold. The symbolism of the ‘gun’ represents the evil and corruption of humans; its creation was by humans and it is now used to kill other humans. This is shown through the corruption of Samuel against the Amish views, as he witnesses the murder, becomes curious of the gun and his corruption is shown ultimately when he states â€Å"I would only kill a bad man†. This scene involves the audience with purpose of raising the issue: who is to decide when a man is bad? This involves the audience as they are able to make their own opinion on the easy corruption of such an innocent and young character. Eli, Samuel’s grandfather is represented as an important mentor and role model for Samuel when he sits down to confront Samuel about the gun, so rather than avoiding the issue of violence and danger that has entered Samuel’s eyes he takes it as an opportunity to educate. The clash of cultures, and the understanding that they can never merge, comes through Book and Rachel’s relationship. The ‘Barn Dancing Scene’ clearly represents how their love is forbidden in the Amish community and that their culture differences could never let them be together, even though they are desperately in love. In this scene, the lyrics of ‘what a wonderful world it would be ’ are played through Book’s car stereo as they dance under the headlights of the car that he has been repairing in the barn – thus there is a juxtaposition here and ‘clash’ of the two worlds which is evident as the car does not look right in the setting of a barn. The lyrics suggest that although their relationship could be wonderful, the WOULD shows that it would never happen under the circumstances. The quick cut editing and close-ups as they dance show their ffection for each other, and the fun that they have in each other’s company, however this is interrupted by a shocked and angry Eli who represents the views of the Amish community and this strengthens the idea of forbidden love. The idea that the two cultures could never successfully cooperate with each other in the long term, and the idea that the Amish society are conformists and value community, and the modern Ame rican society functions under individuality and personal gain, is shown in a scene set in a nearby town of the Amish. When young American ‘rednecks’ insult and wipe ice-cream across Daniel’s face, Book get increasingly angry. However, Eli states to Book, â€Å"it is not our way,† whilst Book replies, â€Å"But it is my way. † The emphasis on OUR and MY represents the two different cultural ideals as well as reinforcing the different views on violence in the societies. Book has been trained to be a cop finds this belief in himself and his justification of violence very hard to deny, thus showing how he could not permanently give up his American lifestyle in order to live with the Amish, to be with Rachel. Although the Amish believe in pacifism, without Book’s help, Samuel would have most probably been murdered by Schaeffer and McFee and this would have caused much more devastation in the Amish community. Therefore the audience, and the Amish community, are thankful for Book’s contribution in the community. This acceptance of Book is shown in the ‘sendoff’ scenes where Eli says â€Å"Be careful among them English† to Book, showing that Book is now recognised as a good, valued man despite their differences and that Eli knows that Book is not the stereotypical ‘Englishman’ that Eli fears but that he is a much deeper and kind person than expected. Throughout the film, it is inevitably shown that Peter Weir possesses many skills in the art of film-making and his use of interaction between ideas, characters and techniques are effective in impacting on the audience.

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership - Assignment Example However, a leadership style adopted should be the most appropriate in effectively achieving the objectives of the organization. It is on this premises that it may be asserted that leadership style actually matters to large extents. On the contrary, other people hold unto beliefs that it does not matter which leadership style a leader may adopt. Thus, what matters is not the leadership style, but the leaders themselves. It is on this basis that they assert that leadership is rather innate (Hill & McShane, 2006). This implicates that leadership is predetermined by a person’s distinctive dispositional characteristics during birth. Such a leader is deemed to be born leaders and therefore his leadership is effective irrespective of the leadership style he/she may adopt. Disregarding the leadership style, such people believe that leadership entails possessing power over others. Thus, leadership is a form of power and dominance to over others. This means that no matter what leadershi p style, a leader must always exercise power over people. This means that the type of leadership style does not matter at all. More often than not, those who profoundly discredit leadership style believe that, leaders are positively influential. This is to imply that employees perform well when under guidance of an effective leader. This is to mean that leaders make differences in the people. Thus, no matter what leadership style, leaders are expected to be influential to the people under them. In this regards leaders are deemed to entirely control the outcomes of groups. They are in total control of their groups’ achievements. Be that as it may, management experts have evidenced that leadership styles have palpable effects on a group’s performance. Thus, different styles are effective for different situations. In this regards, each of the leadership style is appropriate in specified circumstances. In determining which leadership style to adopt, it is important to cons ider the leader’s personal background. This may include the leader’s personality, experience, skills, knowledge, ethics and values. It may also be worthwhile to consider the employees being supervised. Indeed, employees are usually individuals with diverse personalities and backgrounds. In considering which leadership style to adopt, it is also important to look at the company’s traditions, philosophy and values as well. This may help in choosing the most suited leadership style that may be effective for the organization. It is therefore important to critically analyze the three major leadership styles with references to where they are most effective, with the aim of establishing that leadership style matters a great deal. To commence with, democratic leadership style defines a style whereby the leader shares the decision-making abilities with the members of the group. In this style, leadership involves the sharing of ideas, discussions, debates, consultations a nd encouraging employees to be part of the decision making. Thus, democratic leadership is otherwise known as participative leadership style. In a democratic type of leadership, the leader is considered as a coach who make the final decision, but this has to be done after consulting various staff members. Such type of leadership may produce high quality and high quantity work. Democratic leadership style is more effective in specific instance. In this regards, it may be the appropriate leadership style

Curfew Law Enforcement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Curfew Law Enforcement - Case Study Example They are mostly enforced to help reduce the youth participation in activities that may be considered criminal and affect their lives, or endanger their and other people’s lives. The restrictions also enable parents to have better and clear supervision of their children’s activities on the afterhours. It has been proved through studies that cities with enforced curfew laws have had significant drops in youth participation in criminal activities. A 2011 study analyzed data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Unified Criminal Reporting files from 1980 to 2004 for the 54 larger U.S. cities (180,000-plus residents) and enacted youth curfews between 1985 and 2002, focusing on arrests for both minor offenses (loitering and curfew violations) and more serious infractions (such as violent crimes and property crimes). The report showed that arrests of youths directly impacted by curfew restrictions dropped by almost 15% in the first year and approximately 10% in fol lowing years (Weigel, 2011). This paper will therefore weigh the facts of the plaintiff against the constitutional mandate and responsibility of the defendant of enforcing state laws and give a verdict. DISCUSSIONS Freedom of assembly is a fundamental part and a right that is provided and protected in the first amendment and should therefore be enjoyed by every citizen. If not properly enforced, curfew laws can greatly infringe on human rights and freedom of assembly and even freedom of expression. SUSIE MARKS CASE AGAINST RUTHLESS Susie after boarding Jerry and Kate’s truck against her will was seriously injured when the truck in which she was riding failed to negotiate a left turn. Notwithstanding that the state allowed persons to board the back of trucks without seat belts, Susie felt that given a choice she would have walked home or waited for Orson. Ruthless neither accorded her the freedom to express her wish and plan nor considered the implications of his actions havin g in mind that Jerry was a minor who had just been licensed to drive and therefore had insufficient experience. Ruthless told Jerry: "Get everybody out of here," and that "if you guys don't get out of here, curfew will be enforced." These words were also scaring especially for minors who feared that their actions if any against Ruthless would have â€Å"curfew enforced†. An example would be Hodgkins v. Peterson, SD Indiana 2004 when the judge ruled in favour of the defendants (Hodgkins) (Sandy, 2008). The arguments can be compared to Susie’s case given the fact that the law enforcer scared the minors through inappropriate words. In the Hodgkins case the argument was that For a person to file a claim that violates their First Amendments rights, they must prove that their speech was actually chilled. Just like in Hodgkins case, they deemed the ordnance unconstitutional because fear of criminal prosecution would have prevented, or did prevent them from going to late night protests, political rallies, or church events, which are protected First Amendment rights. (Sandy, 2008). RUTHLESS’ FACTS AND ARGUMENT Ruthless being a law enforcer was within his constitutional mandate of performing his duties and was right to order the kids to leave for home. As studies have shown young people under 16 were responsible for 62 percent of violent juvenile offenses, statistics also showed that teenagers were the most frequent targets of juvenile violence (Constitutional Rights Foundation, 2013).He also argued that Jerry had no problem dropping off Susie although he did not hear her out. Ruthless therefore having given the youngsters an

Death of a Salesman Essay Example for Free

Death of a Salesman Essay An essay on the use of dashes in Arthur Millers play, Death of a Salesman The dash is a handy device, informal and essentially playful, telling you that youre about to take off on a different tack but still in some way connected with the present course only you have to remember that the dash is there, and either put a second dash at the end of the notion to let the reader know that hes back on course, or else end the sentence, as here, with a period. __ Lewis Thomas How does a writer a good writer convey epiphanies exactly so that its grammatically appropriate for eureka! a dash is used placed just so to convey, establish a mood, feeling, tone a character feels whilst saying a line, monologue even an exclamation wherein characters experience a lot of feeling and dominance is implied when a line is ended by a dash interruption in short by another character allowing the reader to see feel the personality traits, characteristics of a character subtlety. This simple line the dash is a many faceted gem a treasure that can be used to highlight many ideas key terms certain events jump off the page because of the use of a dash rather than an ellipsis causes a noticeable break a sharp break unlike that of an ellipsis which immediately gives off the impression of abruptness just as it appears visually a sharp-edged line in the center of a line that breaks the fluidity of words just as the dash in a sentence breaks the flow of thought or conversation. Dashes menial as they are give substance to a pause, break charging it with emotion and meaning no number of words could do the same. Although dashes may seem like a punctuation mark so rarely used, it is an integral tool in writing conversations. The dash represents a discontinuation of an intended statement a visual representation of the abruptly derailed trail of a train of thought allows the writer to interrupt characters as is normal in an average conversation like most of Linda and Willys conversations. Lindas lines are often ended by a dash interrupted by another speaker subtlety informing the reader of Lindas subservient personality. The dashes imply the abruptness of Willys interruptions thereby insinuating that he doesnt listen to her including times when she expresses her adoration for him clarifying that Willys view behavior towards Linda is rather poor- which in turn personifies Willys personality. Linda: You are, Willy. The handsomest man. Youve got no reason to feel that- Willy: Ill make it all up to you, Linda, Ill- Linda: Theres nothing to make up, dear. Youre doing fine, better than- Willy: Whats that? Linda: Just mending my stockings. Theyre so expensive- Willy: I wont have you mending socks in this house! Now throw them out! (Page 39) This whole conversation establishes the relationship between Willy and Linda Willy being the dominant though insensible one, while Linda is the subservient although quite practical one as well as giving insight to Willys guilt over the woman all done with four appropriately placed dashes at the end of a characters lines. However, dashes are not only useful at the end of lines but in the midst of a sentence as well. Just as the dash on the page is a break from the stream of words a break in the voice is represented by a dash on the page. Thus, when a character is overcome by emotions, a dash is placed in the proper place in the sentences structure and a feeling of overwhelming portions is conveyed to the reader. In a tragic play such as Death of a Salesman, the proper use of the dash is essential to establish certain key conversations and the significance of the feelings of the character and their significance in the overall meaning of the story line. Such a conversation is seen when Willy is affirmed of Biffs love (Page 133) where there was placed four dashes upon the page in the span of the conversation each of which insinuates a great deal of emotion. It is these emotions that help build the tragedy in the story line characterizing Willy and Biff in the process. When Biff tells his mom or whoever it is he is speaking to to put Willy to bed Put him-put him to bed. the dash stresses the exhaustion that Biff feels his inability to finish his sentence implies a deep caring for his father an overwhelming emotion. It is the strength of this emotion that astonishes Willy and awakens Willy to the fact that Biff still loves him, and the following lines he says are also broken with dashes so choked with love and boundless joy is he That boy-that boy is going to be magnificent! (Page 133). These statements foreshadow Willys decision to kill himself for the sake of his sons making an impact greater or equal to that of Willys statement on page 98 where he states After all highways, and the trains, and the appointments, and the years, you end up worth more dead than alive. Both statements imply that Willy is going to commit suicide, playing against each other. The quote on page 98 establishes that Willy was considering the option the possibility while the conversation with Ben prior to Biffs outburst acknowledges the cause of Willys hesitance and indecisiveness the effect the suicide would leave on Biff the opinion that Biff would have of him afterward. Thus, when Willy is offered that which is all he really wants his life as it was before, with a loving relationship with his Adonis son and the admiration that this son once had for him through Biffs compassionate voice and tears Willy makes a definite choice as to what he intends to do first seen in his line That boy-that boy is going to be magnificent! (Page 133). It is this line that resolves the inner conflict that Willy feels over Biff and over his lack of success it is in this line that Willy decides to kill himself. Without the use of the dashes, the emotions would not have been conveyed to the reader appropriately losing its power and significance in the overall storyline. Another significant line dash in the play though not necessarily filled with emotion begins Biffs voyage into realization and truth. A dash can represent a hesitance changing of mind as to what must be said to convey the thoughts and sometimes feelings of the character. I tell ya, Hap, I dont know what the future is. I dont know-what Im supposed to want. The dash before what Im supposed to want, allows the reader to realize that Biffs restlessness and lack of success is not failure not in the true sense of the word, for Biff would have to truly attempt thus want success in order to fail. Biffs definition of success is different to that of his familys and this makes him uneasy insecure as to what his life really means. This dash allows the reader to acknowledge that Biff is at a loss of exact words to define what he means and the thoughts running through his head. It is this pause that changes the overall meaning of the sentence without the pause, the sentence would pass over unnoticed. The pause dash underlines Biffs uncertainty which continues throughout the play until Biff realizes the absurdity of his situation and awakens. The dash informs the reader that here lies Biffs conflict this dash is the resolution wherein the conflict is introduced. The dash is the conflict. As a modern tragedy, Death of a Salesman is when broken down an informal play, thus the dash is the perfect punctuation for the certain situations -and sentences that needed to be highlighted in the subconscious. The dash evokes an awareness that is subtle sliding beneath our minds eye to implant ideas emotions and feelings thereby creating importance to an event or phrase. When a dash is used, its used to emphasize and encourage analysis of a phrase. The involuntary response to a dash should be curiosity as to the purpose of this dash. A dash is not so easily used and is thus, so rarely seen. Therefore when a dash is used in writing be it at the end of a line or in the midst of a sentence so attention must be paid1! Bibliography: Arthur Miller (1949) Death of a Salesman Penguin Books USA Inc. 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA 1 Page 56 said by Linda. Jolene Kui September 6, 2002

Charlotte Smith’s Elegiac Sonnets Essay -- sensibility, nature, emotion

In Charlotte Smith’s Elegiac Sonnets, Smith uses nature as a vehicle to express her complex emotions and yearning for a renewal of her spirit. Utilizing the immortal characteristics of spring and the tempestuous nature of the ocean, Smith creates a poetic world that is both a comfort and a hindrance to her tortured soul. Even while spring can provide her with temporary solace and the ocean is a friend in her sorrow, both parts of nature constantly remind her of something that she will never be able to accomplish: the renewal of her anguished spirit and complete happiness in life once more. Through three of her sonnets in this collection, Smith connects with the different parts of nature and displays her sensible temperament with her envy over nature’s ability to easily renew its beauty and vitality. In â€Å"Written at the close of Spring,† Smith’s second sonnet, she focuses on the wonderful ability nature has in rejuvenating itself each year. Smith personifies Spring in the way it â€Å"nurs’d in dew† its flowers as though it was nursing its own children (â€Å"Close of Spring† 2). While it creates life, Spring is not human, because it has this ability to come back after its season has passed. Human beings grow old and die; we lose our â€Å"fairy colours† through the abrasive nature of life (â€Å"Close of Spring† 12). Smith is mournful that humans cannot be like the flowers of Spring and regain the colors of our lives after each year. Normally in comparing the age of sensibility with nature, we see this great appreciation of nature as a whole. In Smith’s poems, we do see this, but mostly in this sonnet we see a jealousy of nature. Smith is able to connect with the beauty of Spring on some level; it is something that brings her a small amount of... ... but she always realizes at the end that her happiness is forever gone and she only has despair to look forward to her future. While nature is a typical outlet for people with a sensible nature, like Smith, it can also just as easily create a desire in man that can never be attained. Works Cited Smith, Charlotte. "To Spring." Poem Hunter. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2011. . Smith, Charlotte. â€Å"Written at the close of spring .† Elegiac Sonnets. Ed. Stuart Curran. New York: Oxford, 1993. 13-14. Print. Smith, Charlotte. â€Å"Written in a tempestuous night, on the coast of Sussex.† Elegiac Sonnets. Ed. Stuart Curran. New York: Oxford, 1993. 58. Print. Smith, Charlotte. â€Å"Written on the seashore- October, 1784.† Elegiac Sonnets. Ed. Stuart Curran. New York: Oxford, 1993. 20. Print.

How does Wilfred Owen Create Sympathy in his Poem “Disabled” Essay

Wilfred Owen uses a variety of poetic devices to make the reader feel sympathetic for the disabled person portrayed in the poem. Many of Owens ideas of sympathy are not easy to find and the reader picks them up more subliminally unless he were to study the poem. Firstly, the most important point to convey sympathy is the theme of retrospect and tense in this piece and it runs clearly throughout. Owen starts the first stanza in the present tense and we immediately see that he is lonely and inactive. â€Å"He sat in a wheeled chair, waiting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  shows us that he is unable to move and can only sit, his life is controlled by doctors and his ability to make decisions is compromised by injury. Furthermore, the word â€Å"waiting† shows that all he can do is sit around and wait for things to happen, he cannot create or instigate something to cheer him. The poem then, in the fifth stanza he reminisces about what he thought war might be like, â€Å"†¦jewelled hilts† and glory. However, at the end he says, â€Å"Now he will spend a few sick years in institutes†. We feel sorry for the man as we think he has been cheated and lulled into a false sense of security. Owen also uses contrast to evoke sympathy in the way he rhymes at the end of the sentences. The rhyming words contradict or juxtapose one another. â€Å"Knees† and â€Å"disease† are used for contrast as having knees symbolise health and normal lifestyle and it’s what he had before the war. Disease on the other hand symbolises a lack of knees or bad health and it is what he was left with after the war. The juxtaposition of good and bad things makes us feel sad for the man and also make us feel his regret of joining up. Another vessel which Owen uses to make us feel sympathetic is metaphor and simile. He says, â€Å"Poured it down shell holes till the veins ran dry†. This shows us how angry he is with himself in the fact that he is saying he might just as well have poured his blood and his life away. He feels like he made no impact on the war and only bad has come out of it. Caesura is also used to break up sentences and disrupt the flow of a poem. They can create sympathy as sometimes they can be ironic or rhetorical questions. â€Å"He thought he’d better join – he wonders why† is a good example as it shows his remorse for joining the army and the fact that it is out of sync and without a rhyming pair makes it stand out in our memory as a definitive thought of his. The poem also ends with questions like â€Å"why don’t they come† which tell the reader that since the war he is completely reliant on others and he despairs with his lack of freedom. Owen also uses women and war officers to make us feel sympathetic. â€Å"Smiling, they wrote his lie† tells us that the officer signing him up knew that he was not eighteen and was not doing his job properly. It shows that the officers cared more about the numbers in the army than the actual wellbeing of English people. He also describes women as being shallow and their eyes â€Å"passed from him to the men that were whole†. This shows they do not care about a man’s personality and character, only his looks and sexual appeal. This makes us feel angry towards women for being so shallow and want them to not be so driven by seemingly unimportant things.

Part Two Chapter III

III Gavin cooked for Kay at his house that evening, opening tins and crushing garlic with a sense of ill-usage. After a row, you had to say certain things to secure a truce: those were the rules, everyone knew that. Gavin had telephoned Kay from his car on the way back from Barry's burial and told her that he wished she had been there, that the whole day had been horrible and that he hoped he could see her that night. He considered these humble admissions no more or less than the price he had to pay for an evening of undemanding companionship. But Kay seemed to consider them more in the light of a down payment on a renegotiated contract. You missed me. You needed me when you were upset. You're sorry we didn't go as a couple. Well, let's not make that mistake again. There had been a certain complacency about the way she had treated him since; a briskness, a sense of renewed expectation. He was making spaghetti Bolognese tonight; he had deliberately omitted to buy a pudding or to lay the table in advance; he was at pains to show her that he had not made much of an effort. Kay seemed oblivious, even determined to take this casual attitude as a compliment. She sat at his small kitchen table, talking to him over the pitter-patter of rain on the skylight, her eyes wandering over the fixtures and fittings. She had not often been here. ‘I suppose Lisa chose this yellow, did she?' She was doing it again: breaking taboos, as though they had recently passed to a deeper level of intimacy. Gavin preferred not to talk about Lisa if he could avoid it; surely she knew that by now? He shook oregano onto the mince in his frying pan and said, ‘No, this was all the previous owner. I haven't got round to changing it yet.' ‘Oh,' she said, sipping wine. ‘Well, it's quite nice. A bit bland.' This rankled with Gavin, as, in his opinion, the interior of the Smithy was superior in every way to that of Ten Hope Street. He watched the pasta bubbling, keeping his back to her. ‘Guess what?' she said. ‘I met Samantha Mollison this afternoon.' Gavin wheeled around; how did Kay even know what Samantha Mollison looked like? ‘Just outside the deli in the Square; I was on my way in to get this,' said Kay, clinking the wine bottle beside her with a flick of her nail. ‘She asked me whether I was Gavin's girlfriend.' Kay said it archly, but actually she had been heartened by Samantha's choice of words, relieved to think that this was how Gavin described her to his friends. ‘And what did you say?' ‘I said – I said yes.' Her expression was crestfallen. Gavin had not meant to ask the question quite so aggressively. He would have given a lot to prevent Kay and Samantha ever meeting. ‘Anyway,' Kay proceeded with a slight edge to her voice, ‘she's asked us for dinner next Friday. Week today.' ‘Oh, bloody hell,' said Gavin crossly. A lot of Kay's cheerfulness deserted her. ‘What's the problem?' ‘Nothing. It's – nothing,' he said, prodding the bubbling spaghetti. ‘It's just that I see enough of Miles during work hours, to be honest.' It was what he had dreaded all along: that she would worm her way in and they would become Gavin-and-Kay, with a shared social circle, so that it would become progressively more difficult to excise her from his life. How had he let this happen? Why had he allowed her to move down here? Fury at himself mutated easily into anger with her. Why couldn't she realize how little he wanted her, and take herself off without forcing him to do the dirty? He drained the spaghetti in the sink, swearing under his breath as he speckled himself with boiling water. ‘You'd better call Miles and Samantha and tell them â€Å"no†, then,' said Kay. Her voice had hardened. As was Gavin's deeply ingrained habit, he sought to deflect an imminent conflict and hoped that the future would look after itself. ‘No, no,' he said, dabbing at his wet shirt with a tea towel. ‘We'll go. It's fine. We'll go.' But in his undisguised lack of enthusiasm, he sought to put down a marker to which he could refer, retrospectively. You knew I didn't want to go. No, I didn't enjoy it. No, I don't want it to happen again. They ate for several minutes in silence. Gavin was afraid that there would be another row, and that Kay would force him to discuss underlying issues again. He cast around for something to say, and so started telling her about Mary Fairbrother and the life insurance company. ‘They're being real bastards,' he said. ‘He was heavily insured, but their lawyers are looking for a way not to pay out. They're trying to make out he didn't make a full disclosure.' ‘In what way?' ‘Well, an uncle died of an aneurysm, too. Mary swears Barry told the insurance agent that when he signed the policy, but it's nowhere in the notes. Presumably the bloke didn't realize it can be a genetic thing. I don't know that Barry did, come to †¦' Gavin's voice broke. Horrified and embarrassed, he bowed his flushing face over his plate. There was a hard chunk of grief in his throat and he couldn't shift it. Kay's chair legs scraped on the floor; he hoped that she was off to the bathroom, but then felt her arms around his shoulders, drawing him to her. Without thinking, he put a single arm around her, too. It was so good to be held. If only their relationship could be distilled into simple, wordless gestures of comfort. Why had humans ever learned to talk? He had dribbled snot onto the back of her top. ‘Sorry,' he said thickly, wiping it away with his napkin. He withdrew from her and blew his nose. She dragged her chair to sit beside him and put a hand on his arm. He liked her so much better when she was silent, and her face was soft and concerned, as it was now. ‘I still can't †¦ he was a good bloke,' he said. ‘Barry. He was a good bloke.' ‘Yes, everyone says that about him,' said Kay. She had never been allowed to meet this famous Barry Fairbrother, but she was intrigued by the show of emotion from Gavin, and by the person who had caused it. ‘Was he funny?' she asked, because she could imagine Gavin in thrall to a comedian, to a rowdy ringleader, propping up the bar. ‘Yeah, I s'pose. Well, not particularly. Normal. He liked a laugh †¦ but he was just such a †¦ such a nice bloke. He liked people, you know?' She waited, but Gavin did not seem able to elucidate further on the niceness of Barry. ‘And the kids †¦ and Mary †¦ poor Mary †¦ God, you've got no idea.' Kay continued to pat his arm gently, but her sympathy had chilled a little. No idea, she thought, what it was to be alone? No idea how hard it was to be left in sole charge of a family? Where was his pity for her, Kay? ‘They were really happy,' said Gavin, in a cracked voice. ‘She's in pieces.' Wordlessly, Kay stroked his arm, reflecting that she had never been able to afford to go to pieces. ‘I'm all right,' he said, wiping his nose on his napkin and picking up his fork. By the smallest of twitches, he indicated that she should remove her hand.

USS Lexington (CV-16) - World War II Aircraft Carrier

USS Lexington (CV-16) - World War II Aircraft Carrier USS Lexington (CV-16) - Overview: Nation: United States Type: Aircraft Carrier Shipyard: Fore River Shipyard - Bethlehem Steel Laid Down: July 15, 1941 Launched: September 23, 1942 Commissioned: February 17, 1943 Fate: Museum Ship, Corpus Christi, TX USS Lexington (CV-16) - Specifications Displacement: 27,100 tons Length: 872 ft. Beam: 93 ft. Draft: 28 ft., 5 in. Propulsion: 8 Ãâ€" boilers, 4 Ãâ€" Westinghouse geared steam turbines, 4 Ãâ€" shafts Speed: 33 knots Complement: 2,600 men Armament 4 Ãâ€" twin 5 inch 38 caliber guns4 Ãâ€" single 5 inch 38 caliber guns8 Ãâ€" quadruple 40 mm 56 caliber guns46 Ãâ€" single 20 mm 78 caliber guns Aircraft 110 aircraft USS Lexington (CV-16) - Design Construction: Conceived in the 1920s and early 1930s, the US Navys Lexington- and Yorktown-class aircraft carriers were designed to conform to the limitations set forth by the Washington Naval Treaty. This agreement placed restrictions on the tonnage of different types of warships as well as capped each signatorys overall tonnage. These types of restrictions were affirmed through the 1930 London Naval Treaty. As global tensions increased, Japan and Italy departed the treaty structure in 1936. With the collapse of the this system, the US Navy began designing a new, larger class of aircraft carrier and one which drew from the lessons learned from the Yorktown-class. The resulting design was wider and longer as well as included a deck-edge elevator. This had been employed earlier on USS Wasp (CV-7). In addition to carrying a larger air group, the new design possessed a greatly enhanced anti-aircraft armament. Designated the Essex-class, the lead ship, USS Essex (CV-9), was laid down in April 1941. This was followed by USS Cabot (CV-16) which was laid down on July 15, 1941 at Bethlehem Steels Fore River Ship in Quincy, MA. Over the next year, the carriers hull took shape as the US entered World War II following the attack on Pearl Harbor. On June 16, 1942, Cabots name was changed to Lexington to honor the carrier of the same name (CV-2) which had been lost the previous month at the Battle of the Coral Sea. Launched on September 23, 1942, Lexington slid into the water with Helen Roosevelt Robinson serving as sponsor. Needed for combat operations, workers pushed to complete the ship and it entered commission on February 17, 1943, with Captain Felix Stump in command. USS Lexington (CV-16) - Arriving in the Pacific: Steaming south, Lexington conducted a shakedown and training cruise in the Caribbean. During this period, it suffered a notable casualty when the F4F Wildcat flown by 1939 Heisman Trophy winner Nile Kinnick crashed off the coast of Venezuela on June 2. After returning to Boston for maintenance, Lexington departed for the Pacific. Passing through the Panama Canal, it arrived at Pearl Harbor on August 9. Moving to the war zone, the carrier conducted raids against Tarawa and Wake Island in September. Returning to the Gilberts in November, Lexingtons aircraft supported the landings on Tarawa between November 19 and 24 as well as mounted raids against Japanese bases in the Marshall Islands. Continuing to operate against the Marshalls, the carriers planes struck Kwajalein on December 4 where they sank a cargo ship and damaged two cruisers. At 11:22 PM that night, Lexington came under attack by Japanese torpedo bombers. Though taking evasive maneuvers, the carrier sustained a torpedo hit on the starboard side which disabled the ships steering. Working quickly, damage control parties contained the resulting fires and devised a temporary steering system. Withdrawing, Lexington made for Pearl Harbor before proceeding on to Bremerton, WA for repairs. It reached Puget Sound Navy Yard on December 22. In the first of several instances, the Japanese believed the carrier to have been sunk. Its frequent reappearance in combat coupled with its blue camouflage scheme earned Lexington the nickname The Blue Ghost. USS Lexington (CV-16) - Return to Combat: Fully repaired on February 20, 1944, Lexington joined Vice Admiral Marc Mitschers Fast Carrier Task Force (TF58) at Majuro in early March. Taken by Mitscher as his flagship, the carrier raided Mili Atoll before moving south to support General Douglas MacArthurs campaign in northern New Guinea. Following a raid on Truk on April 28, the Japanese again believed the carrier to have been sunk. Moving north to the Marianas, Mitschers carriers next began reducing Japanese air power in the islands prior to the landings on Saipan in June. On June 19-20, Lexington took part in the victory at the Battle of the Philippine Sea which saw American pilots win the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot in the sky while sinking a Japanese carrier and damaging several other warships. USS Lexington (CV-16) - Battle of Leyte Gulf: Later in the summer, Lexington supported the invasion of Guam before raiding the Palaus and Bonins. After striking targets in the Caroline Islands in September, the carrier commenced attacks against the Philippines in preparation for the Allied return to the archipelago. In October, Mitschers task force moved to cover MacArthurs landings on Leyte. With the beginning of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, Lexingtons aircraft aided in sinking the battleship Musashi on October 24. The next day, its pilots contributed to the destruction of the light carrier Chitose and received sole credit for sinking the fleet carrier Zuikaku. Raids later in the day saw Lexingtons planes aid in eliminating the light carrier Zuiho and the cruiser Nachi. On the afternoon of October 25, Lexington sustained a hit from a kamikaze which struck near the island. Though this structure was badly damaged, it did not severely hamper combat operations. In the course of the engagement, the carriers gunners downed another kamikaze that had targeted USS Ticonderoga (CV-14). Repaired at Ulithi after the battle, Lexington spent December and January 1945 raiding Luzon and Formosa before entering the South China Sea to strike at Indochina and Hong Kong. Hitting Formosa again in late January, Mitscher then attacked Okinawa. After replenishing at Ulithi, Lexington and its consorts moved north and commenced attacks on Japan in February. Late in the month, the carriers aircraft supported the invasion of Iwo Jima before the ship departed for an overhaul at Puget Sound. USS Lexington (CV-16) - Final Campaigns: Rejoining the fleet on May 22, Lexington formed part of Rear Admiral Thomas L. Spragues task force off Leyte. Steaming north, Sprague mounted attacks against airfields on Honshu and Hokkaido, industrial targets around Tokyo, as well as the remnants of the Japanese fleet at Kure and Yokosuka. These efforts continued until mid-August when Lexingtons final raid received orders to jettison its bombs due to the Japanese surrender. With the end of the conflict, the carriers aircraft commenced patrols over Japan before taking part in Operation Magic Carpet to return American servicemen home. With the reduction in fleet strength after the war, Lexington was decommissioned on April 23, 1947 and placed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Puget Sound. USS Lexington (CV-16) - Cold War Training: Redesignated as an attack carrier (CVA-16) on October 1, 1952, Lexington moved to the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard the following September. There it received both SCB-27C and SCB-125 modernizations. These saw modifications to Lexingtons island, the creation of a hurricane bow, installation of an angled flight deck, as well as a strengthening of the flight deck to handle newer jet aircraft. Recommissioned on August 15, 1955 with Captain A.S. Heyward, Jr. in command, Lexington began operations out of San Diego. The following year it commenced a deployment with the US 7th Fleet in the Far East with Yokosuka as its home port. Arriving back in San Diego in October 1957, Lexington moved through a brief overhaul at Puget Sound. In July 1958, it returned to Far East to reinforce the 7th Fleet during the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis. After further service off the coast of Asia, Lexington received orders in January 1962 to relieve USS Antietam (CV-36) as a training carrier in the Gulf of Mexico. On October 1, the carrier was redesignated as an anti-submarine warfare carrier (CVS-16) though this, and its relief of Antietam, was delayed until later in the month due to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Taking over the training role on December 29, Lexington began routine operations out of Pensacola, FL. Steaming in the Gulf of Mexico, the carrier trained new naval aviators in the art of taking off and landing at sea. Formally designated as a training carrier January 1, 1969, it spent the next twenty-two years in this role. The final Essex-class carrier still in use, Lexington was decommissioned on November 8, 1991. The following year, the carrier was donated for use as a museum ship and is currently open to the public in Corpus Christi, TX. Selected Sources DANFS: USS Lexington (CV-16)USS Lexington Museum